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The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a multi-disciplinary research facility based on what will be the world's most powerful neutron source. It is currently under construction in Lund, Sweden. At least 17 European countries will act as partners in the construction and operation of ESS. The facility is being built in Lund, while the ESS Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC) will be located in Copenhagen, Denmark. First neutrons on the target are expected in 2019, with the user program planned for 2023, and construction of the entire facility complete by 2025.〔 ESS is the world's next-generation neutron source, and will enable scientists to see and understand basic atomic structures and forces at length and time scales unachievable at other spallation sources. ESS will use spallation, a process in which fragments of material (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. The future facility is composed of a linear accelerator in which protons are accelerated and collide with a rotating, helium-cooled tungsten target. By this process, intense pulses of neutrons are emitted and led through beamlines to experimental stations, where research is done on different materials. This will help discover and develop new materials with applications in manufacturing, pharmaceutical drugs, aerospace, engines, plastics, energy, telecommunications, transportation, information technology and biotechnology.〔Berggren, K.-F. and A. Matic 2012. Science at the ESS: A brief outline. In O. Hallonsten (ed.) In pursuit of a Promise: Perspectives on the political process to establish the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden (pp 31-47). Lund: Arkiv Academic Press, 2012.〕 According to its designers, ESS will provide neutron beams up to 30 times brighter than any current neutron source. ESS is also designed to be carbon-neutral and is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in the region. ==History== When the ISIS neutron source was built in England in 1985, its radical success to produce indirect images of molecular structures eventually raised the possibility of a spallation source far more powerful, and now less technically speculative. By 1993, the European Neutron Scattering Association began to advocate for what would be the most ambitious and broad-based spallation source in the world, ESS. Neutron science soon became a critical tool in the development of industrial and consumer products worldwide. So much so that the Organization for Economic Development (OECD), declared in 1999 that a new generation of high-intensity neutron sources should be built, one each in North America, Asia and Europe.〔 Europe's challenge was its diverse collection of national governments, and an active research community numbering in the thousands. In 2001, a European roadmap for developing accelerator driven systems for nuclear waste incineration estimated that the ESS could have the beam ready for users in 2010.〔''A European Roadmap for Developing Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) for Nuclear Waste Incineration'' (pretty layout with bad pictures )(ugly layout with good pictures )〕 A European international task force gathered in Bonn in 2002 to review the findings and a positive consensus emerged to build ESS. The stakeholders group met a year later to review the task force's progress, and in 2003 a new design concept was adopted that set the course for beginning operations by 2019.〔 Over the next five years a competitive and yet collaborative site selection process played out and Lund, Sweden was chosen as the preferred site; the definitive selection of Lund was announced in Brussels on May 28, 2009.〔 In July 1, 2010, the staff and operations of ESS Scandinavia were transferred from Lund University to 'European Spallation Source ESS AB', a limited liability company set up to design, construct and operate the European Spallation Source in Lund. The company's headquarters are situated in central Lund. At present, 17 partner countries are represented in the ESS Steering Committee. As of 2013 the estimated cost of the facility will be about €1.843 bn. Host nations Sweden and Denmark plan to give about half of the sum. However the negotiations about the exact contributions from every partner are still in progress.〔(FAQ Funding and Costs ) - ESS〕 The organizational form of the facility is AB owned jointly by the governments of Sweden and Denmark. ESS is expected to formally change its organisational structure from a Swedish ''aktiebolag'', or AB, to a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, by 1 October 2015, allowing partner nations to directly fund the project. The Steering Committee will transition into the ESS ERIC Council, and the ESS AB Board of Directors will be disbanded. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「European Spallation Source」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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